What is a Cognitive Apprenticeship?
Cognitive apprenticeship is an educational model that aims to make thinking visible. Developed by Collins, Brown, and Newman in 1987, this approach applies the traditional apprenticeship model to cognitive and metacognitive processes involved in complex tasks like reading, writing, and problem-solving.
In a cognitive apprenticeship, an expert (usually a teacher) models a task while explaining their thought processes. The learner observes and then attempts the task with guidance. As the learner becomes more proficient, the expert gradually reduces support, allowing the learner to work more independently.
Key components of cognitive apprenticeship include:
- Modeling: The expert demonstrates the task, articulating their thought processes.
- Coaching: The expert provides feedback and hints as the learner practices.
- Scaffolding: Support is provided and gradually removed as the learner gains competence.
- Articulation: Learners are encouraged to verbalize their thoughts and strategies.
- Reflection: Learners compare their performance with that of experts and peers.
- Exploration: Learners are encouraged to form and test their own hypotheses.
This method is particularly effective in teaching complex cognitive skills because it makes expert thinking explicit and accessible to novices. It’s widely used in fields like mathematics, science, and writing, where problem-solving strategies and metacognitive skills are crucial.
Cognitive apprenticeship bridges the gap between classroom learning and real-world application by situating abstract tasks in authentic contexts. This approach not only teaches specific skills but also helps learners develop self-monitoring and lifelong learning abilities.