Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG) is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that goes beyond typical morning sickness. This condition affects approximately 0.5-2% of pregnant women and can lead to significant health complications if left untreated.
Key Characteristics:
- Persistent, severe nausea and vomiting
- Inability to keep food or fluids down
- Weight loss of more than 5% of pre-pregnancy body weight
- Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
- Onset typically in the first trimester, often continuing beyond week 20
Causes and Risk Factors:
The exact cause of HG is unknown, but several factors may contribute:
- Hormonal changes (particularly elevated hCG levels)
- Genetic predisposition
- H. pylori infection
- Thyroid disorders
- Multiple pregnancies
- History of HG in previous pregnancies
Symptoms:
- Severe, persistent nausea
- Frequent vomiting (often more than 3-4 times per day)
- Food aversions
- Fatigue and dizziness
- Decreased urination
- Headaches
- Confusion or disorientation
Complications:
If left untreated, HG can lead to:
- Malnutrition
- Electrolyte imbalances
- Liver and kidney dysfunction
- Wernicke’s encephalopathy (due to thiamine deficiency)
- Psychological distress and depression
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and ruling out other conditions. Tests may include:
- Blood tests to check for electrolyte imbalances and dehydration
- Urinalysis to assess ketone levels
- Ultrasound to rule out molar or multiple pregnancies
Treatment:
Management of HG often requires a multifaceted approach:
- Dietary modifications: Small, frequent meals; avoiding triggers
- Hydration: IV fluids if necessary
- Medications: Antiemetics, vitamins (especially B6 and thiamine)
- Psychological support: Counseling to address emotional impact
- Alternative therapies: Acupressure, ginger supplements (under medical supervision)
Impact on Daily Life:
HG can significantly affect a woman’s quality of life, often leading to:
- Inability to work or perform daily tasks
- Social isolation
- Strain on relationships
- Anxiety about future pregnancies
Support and Resources:
- HER Foundation (Hyperemesis Education & Research)
- Online support groups and forums
- Specialized HG clinics in some hospitals
While HG is a challenging condition, with proper medical care and support, most women with HG have healthy pregnancies and babies. Early recognition and treatment are crucial for managing symptoms and preventing complications.
