Intonation and tone are crucial elements of spoken language that convey meaning beyond the words themselves. They are part of the prosodic features of speech, which include pitch, stress, and rhythm. Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speech. It can indicate: For example, in English, a rising intonation at the end […]

Interrogative pronouns are words used to ask questions in a sentence. They are a specific type of pronoun that helps to gather information about people, things, or ideas. In English, the main interrogative pronouns are “who,” “whom,” “whose,” “what,” and “which.” These pronouns serve several important functions in language: Interrogative pronouns can be used in […]

Internalizing behaviors are a category of emotional and behavioral problems that are directed inward towards the self. These behaviors are often characterized by withdrawal, anxiety, depression, and somatic complaints. Unlike externalizing behaviors, which are outwardly expressed and more easily observable, internalizing behaviors can be more difficult to detect and may go unnoticed by parents, teachers, […]

Internal working models are a concept in attachment theory, primarily developed by psychologist John Bowlby. These models refer to the mental representations that individuals form about themselves, others, and relationships based on their early experiences with caregivers. Key aspects of internal working models: Components of internal working models: Impact on development and relationships: In educational […]

Interactive read alouds are a teaching strategy where an adult reads a text aloud to children while engaging them in a dialogue about the text. This method goes beyond simple reading to actively involve listeners in the reading process. Key elements of interactive read alouds: Benefits of interactive read alouds: Effective techniques for interactive read […]

In the field of language teaching and assessment, particularly in relation to second language acquisition and pronunciation, the concepts of intelligibility, acceptability, and comprehensibility are crucial. These concepts are interrelated but distinct: In language teaching, there’s a growing emphasis on prioritizing intelligibility and comprehensibility over native-like acceptability, especially in global English contexts. This approach recognizes […]

Integrated teaching methods refer to instructional approaches that combine multiple subjects or disciplines into a cohesive learning experience. This approach aims to break down the traditional barriers between subject areas, providing students with a more holistic and interconnected understanding of concepts. Key features of integrated teaching methods: Benefits of integrated teaching methods: Examples of integrated […]

Inquiring minds refer to individuals who possess a natural curiosity and a desire to understand the world around them. This concept is closely related to inquiry-based learning and critical thinking in educational contexts. Characteristics of inquiring minds: Fostering inquiring minds in education: Developing inquiring minds is crucial in preparing students for lifelong learning and adaptability […]

Initial-letter strategies are reading techniques that help learners decode unfamiliar words by focusing on the first letter or letters of the word. These strategies are particularly useful for beginning readers and those developing their literacy skills. Key aspects of initial-letter strategies: Common initial-letter strategies include: While initial-letter strategies are valuable for early readers, it’s important […]

Inflectional morphemes are a type of bound morpheme (a morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word) that modifies a word’s grammatical properties without changing its core meaning or part of speech. They are crucial in expressing grammatical relationships between words in a sentence. Key characteristics of inflectional morphemes: In English, there are eight inflectional […]